Skull of Raphael, the painter

Extracted by the London-based psychiatrist Bernard Hollander (1864–1934) from Joseph Vimont's 'Traité de Phrenologie Humaine et Comparée' (1832), the example of Raphael implies that superior as well as inferior intelligence could be clearly identified by observations of the skull. Vimont's book contained a curious mix of fine lithographs of heads and skulls, purporting to show different racial or species types, or diseases that affected the shape of the head.